RITUAL ASPECT IN SHAKESPEAR’S DRAMA
IS RELATED TO EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION
C
O
M
P
I
L
E
D
By
:
PUTRI SALBIAH
116224016
UNIVERSITAS MUSLIM NUSANTARA ALWASHLIYAH
MEDAN
2014
PREFACE
Praise
God Almighty for all
the abundance of grace, Inayah, so that I
can complete the preparation of this paper in the form
and content that is very simple. Hopefully this
paper can be used as a reference, instructions
My hope
this paper may help
increase knowledge and experience for the reader,
so that I can
improve the shape and content of the paper so that the
future can be better.
This paper
I admit there are still many shortcomings due to the
experience I have had very less.
By because I expected it to readers to
provide inputs that
are build to perfection this paper.
Medan, 24
November 2014
Putri Salbiah
RITUAL
Ritual
is some activities that be implemented for the symbolic of purpose. Ritual was
implemented based on a religion or can be based on tradition of a certain
community. Activities in ritual usually have set and did not implement
carelessly.
THE
RITUAL is part of the Law of the Fraternity. The Ritual has equal force and
validity in all respects with the Constitution of the Fraternity.[1] These
are short and simple ceremonies prescribed by Ritual, which take only a few
seconds of the chapter’s time. They are important because each man should have
an opportunity to take part in the Ritualistic ceremonies if he is not present
for either the opening or closing of the meeting.[2]
Ritual
often done by people, usually associated with religious context. Ritual can be interpreted as a specific behavior that is
formal, done in a certain time on a regular basis, not just as a technical
routine, but rather refers to actions based on religious
belief to the power
or mystical powers.
We show how certain features of collective
rituals—by conveying information about potential danger and presenting
appropriate reaction as a sequence of rigidly described precautionary
measures—probably activate this neurocognitive system. This makes some
collective ritual sequences highly attention-demanding and intuitively
compelling and contributes to their transmission from place to place or
generation to generation.[3]
According to the late Roy Rappaport, a proper
account of ritual should address the question why do human beings engage in
rituals at all?, which remains unanswered in anthropological or psychological
theories (Rappaport 1999). There
are specific reasons for this failure but also a general
problem with the
very notion of a “theory of ritual.”[4]
There are collective rituals in human groups because
certain sets of actions are selected through cultural transmission as more
compelling or “natural” than other possible sets of actions.[5]
SHAKESPEAR’S DRAMA
William Shakespeare is the most famous writer of
plays in the English language. He was born in 1564, in Stratfordupon-Avon. He
wrote thirty-nine plays and hundreds of poems. His plays were performed for
Queen Elizabeth I and King James I. In 1610 he returned to Stratford and
continued to write until his death in 1616.
From the
late 1580s to 1594, Shakespeare experimented with different kinds of comedy. From
1594 to 1599 Shakespeare continued to concentrate on comedies and histories. In
the third period, from 1599 to 1608, Shakespeare abandoned romantic comedy. Shakespeare’s
final phase, from 1608 to 1613, is dominated by a new style of comedy on themes
of loss and reconciliation.[6]
Drama, at least according
to the Aristotelian view, is effective inasmuch as it successfully mirrors real
aspects of human behavior.[7]
Dramas depend on the human capacity for social
cognition—being able to follow how everyone relates to everyone else—and the
relationships must be apprehended in real time.[8]
Shakespeare’s plays all depict a social group of
several dozen characters, but these characters do not all appear
simultaneously. Rather, they are presented interacting in subgroups in
different scenes.[9]
Our analyses have shown that Shakespearean dramas
are structured in a very specific way that mirrors patterns observed in real
human interactions. Characters are connected by a small number of degrees of separation.[10]
EUROPEAN
In 1945, many European cities lay in ruins and
people were homeless. Factories were destroyed, and bridges and railroads were
bombed out. Without their homes and livelihoods, many Europeans were left in
despair, not knowing how their lives could ever be normal again.[11]
The European Union is not at all like the United
States or any other single country. It also is unlike any other international
organization. It is a complex system that enables its member countries to work
together to preserve peace and promote prosperity.[12]
The idea of creating a unified Europe was not a new
one. In the 9th Century, the Frankish emperor Charlemagne dominated much
of Europe.[13]
European countries are making good
progress in including digital literacy in the curriculum. The teaching of
this topic should emphasize the proper use of information technology
resources and cover matters of ethics such as privacy and plagiarism.[14]
The European Green City
Index measures and rates the environmental performance of 30 leading European cities from 30 European
countries. It takes into account 30 individual indicators per city, touching on
a wide range of environmental areas, from environmental governance and water consumption to waste management
and greenhouse gas emissions.[15]
CIVILIZATION
Civilization
is have different meanings in relation to human society. Often this term is used
to refer to a society that is "complex": characterized by the
practice of agriculture, works and housing,
compared with other
cultures, members of a civilization will be arranged
in a variety of complex
division of labor in the social hierarchy structure.
Civilization simply
means: the comprehensive development of the human potential in all its
dimensions: physical, intellectual, spiritual, moral and psychological. To
achieve this potential, civilizations strive to develop, utilize, and
conserve the natural resources, the benefits of which should fairly reach
the whole society, and bring about positive effects on the whole world.[16]
“Civilization” as a term comes from Latin civilis
(of or proper to a citizen) as a derivation of civis (townsman) .
The Turkish term medeniyet has also a similar correlation as it is
derived from the Arabic word medina which means “town”.[17]
Given this definition, it is obvious that a civilization
has certain requirements to deserve its name. After all, civilization is a
collective effort by the whole society, and its benefits cannot be restricted
to few individuals or be limited to certain groups. Civilization has to bear
fruits to all members of society.[18]
What is civilization ? Civilization is the state of
condition of persons living and functioning together, jointly, cooperatively so
that they produce and experience the benefits of so living and functioning
jointly and cooperatively. The word "civilization" derives from the
Roman word for "city". It implies a society involving cities, and
cities involve people living and acting together, jointly, cooperatively,
interactively.[19]
The purpose of civilization must be to promote and achieve that
goal :
- The society exists for its
individual members -- not the individual members existing for the society.
- The economy exists for
society's individual members -- not the members existing for the economy.
- The government exists for
the members of society -- not the members existing for the government.[20]
REFERENCES
Ritualistic
Statue, page 4, pdf
Ritualistic
Statue, page 10, pdf
A
Cultural Selection Model of Ritualized Behaviour, page 1, pdf
Theory
of Ritual, page 1, pdf
Theory
of Ritual, page 2, pdf
Divisions
of Shakespeare’s plays, page 1, pdf
THE
SMALL WORLD OF SHAKESPEARE’S PLAY, page 1, pdf
THE
SMALL WORLD OF SHAKESPEARE’S PLAY, page 2, pdf
THE
SMALL WORLD OF SHAKESPEAR’S PLAY, page 4, pdf
THE
SMALL WORLD OF SHAKESPEAR’S PLAY, page 8, pdf
INTRODUCTION TO THE EUROPEAN UNION, Scenes from Europe at the end of World War
II, page 1, pdf
INTRODUCTION
TO THE EUROPEAN UNION, page 13, pdf
INTRODUCTION TO THE EUROPEAN
UNION,page 2, pdf
Europe cannot afford to miss the boat, page
3, pdf
European
Green City Index, page 3, pdf
Toward a Muslim Constructive Role In the
Contemporary World Civilization , Dr. Fathi Osman, page 1, pdf
Early
Civilization, Erdal Yavuz, page 1, pdf
Toward a Muslim Constructive Role In the
Contemporary World Civilization , Dr. Fathi Osman, page 1, pdf
What
Is Civilization ?, page 1, pdf
What
Is Civilization ?, page 2, pdf
[1] Ritualistic Statue, page 4, pdf
[2] Ritualistic Statue, page 10, pdf
[3] A Cultural Selection Model of
Ritualized Behaviour, page 1, pdf
[4]
Theory of Ritual, page 1,
pdf
[5] Theory of Ritual, page 2, pdf
[8]
THE SMALL
WORLD OF SHAKESPEARE’S PLAY, page 2, pdf
[9] THE SMALL WORLD OF SHAKESPEAR’S
PLAY, page 4, pdf
[10] THE SMALL WORLD OF SHAKESPEAR’S
PLAY, page 8, pdf
[12] INTRODUCTION TO THE EUROPEAN
UNION, page 13, pdf
[15] European Green City Index, page
3, pdf
[16]
Toward a Muslim Constructive Role In the
Contemporary World Civilization , Dr. Fathi Osman, page 1, pdf
[18]
Toward a Muslim
Constructive Role In the Contemporary World Civilization , Dr. Fathi Osman,
page 1, pdf
[19] What Is Civilization ?, page 1,
pdf
[20] What Is Civilization ?, page 2,
pdf
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